在工業應用中電磁流量計如何實現高精度
從煉油(you)廠(chang)到自動售(shou)貨(huo)機等(deng)工業應(ying)用(yong)(yong)要求具有(you)精(jing)確的溫度(du)、壓力 和流(liu)量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang),以(yi)(yi)控制復雜以(yi)(yi)及簡單過程。例如(ru),在(zai)食品行業,產品裝(zhuang)瓶和裝(zhuang)罐的流(liu)量(liang)(liang)精(jing)確控制會(hui)直接影(ying)響利潤,因此必須較大(da)程度(du)降(jiang)低流(liu)量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)誤差。類似地,封閉運輸應(ying)用(yong)(yong)——比如(ru)石(shi)油(you)工業中油(you)罐和油(you)罐車之間(jian)的原(yuan)油(you)和成品油(you)交換——需要高精(jing)度(du)測量(liang)(liang)。
電磁流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)計也能提供(gong)無創檢測。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)設備可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)、堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)和(he)離子(zi)液體(ti)——這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)液體(ti)的(de)(de)電導(dao)率范圍為 10 S/m至(zhi) 10–6 S/m,并(bing)且(qie)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)是干凈、骯臟、腐(fu)蝕性(xing)(xing)、侵蝕性(xing)(xing)或(huo)粘性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)液體(ti)或(huo)漿體(ti),但(dan)不適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)碳氫化合(he)物(wu)或(huo)氣體(ti)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)測量(liang)。它們能夠針對直徑小至(zhi)大(da)約 0.125 英寸、最大(da)容(rong)量(liang)為 10 立方英尺(chi)的(de)(de)低流(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)和(he)高(gao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)提供(gong)相對較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)系統精度(du)(0.2%),并(bing)且(qie)哪怕在更低的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)速(su)下也能保持(chi)讀數(shu)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)重復性(xing)(xing)。它們可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)測量(liang)雙向流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang),即上(shang)游或(huo)下游。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)流(liu)量計(ji)采用(yong)(yong)法拉(la)第電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應定律,該(gai)定律指出,在磁(ci)(ci)場中(zhong)移動的(de)(de)導體將會產生感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。液體可看作導體;磁(ci)(ci)場由流(liu)管外的(de)(de)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈產生。感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓幅度直接與導體的(de)(de)運(yun)動速度和導體類(lei)型、流(liu)管直徑以及磁(ci)(ci)場強度成(cheng)正比。流(liu)過勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)線圈的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)產生受控磁(ci)(ci)場。專用(yong)(yong)勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)波(bo)形是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)流(liu)量計(ji)的(de)(de)一個重要方面,在實際應用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)會使用(yong)(yong)多(duo)種類(lei)型,包括低頻矩形波(bo)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線頻率(lv)正弦波(bo)、雙頻波(bo)和可編程(cheng)脈沖寬度。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)計的(de)(de)(de)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)相比其他流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)技術(shu)而言非常大(da)(da),其范圍(wei)為 125 mA至 250 mA,覆蓋線路(lu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)計的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要范圍(wei)。高達 500 mA或 1 A的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)將用(yong)(yong)(yong)于直徑(jing)更(geng)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)管道。圖 4所(suo)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)可以(yi)產(chan)生精密 250 mA傳感器(qi)(qi)線圈勵(li)磁(ci)。8 ppm/°C基準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源ADR3412 提供實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)偏置的(de)(de)(de) 1.2 V設(she)定點(dian)。雖然這種傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)勵(li)磁(ci)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)基準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源、放大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)和(he)晶體管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供良好的(de)(de)(de)低噪聲性能,但該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)由(you)于經過功(gong)率(lv)晶體管的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)其兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降都很大(da)(da),因此(ci)功(gong)率(lv)損失(shi)極大(da)(da)。該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)需要使用(yong)(yong)(yong)散熱器(qi)(qi),從而增加了系(xi)統(tong)成本和(he)尺寸。具(ju)有開關模(mo)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)恒流(liu)(liu)源正(zheng)成為更(geng)流(liu)(liu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)傳感器(qi)(qi)線圈勵(li)磁(ci)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。功(gong)率(lv)更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)診斷功(gong)能監(jian)測(ce)(ce)隨負載(zai)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、時間(jian)和(he)溫度變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)改變(bian),同(tong)時還(huan)能檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)傳感器(qi)(qi)線圈開路(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極或檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)元件同(tong)樣也(ye)是重要的(de)(de)(de)考慮因素。兩(liang)種主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)技術(shu)都是容性的(de)(de)(de),一種是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極安裝(zhuang)在(zai)管道外(wai)面(mian);另一種更(geng)常見(jian),即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極插入(ru)管道中(zhong),并由(you)液體沖(chong)刷。
如果(guo)兩個電極(ji)采(cai)用相同的材(cai)料(liao),并且具(ju)有相同的表(biao)面狀況,那么它們的電位(wei)(wei)應當相等。然而,事實上,極(ji)化電位(wei)(wei)會(hui)像低頻交流(liu)信號(hao)那樣(yang)緩慢波動(dong),因為流(liu)體和電極(ji)之間存在(zai)物理摩擦或(huo)電化學效應。任何失配都將表(biao)現為差(cha)模噪聲。偏(pian)置電壓與電極(ji)電位(wei)(wei)共同組成共模電壓,在(zai)第一(yi)級放大(da)器(qi)輸入端產(chan)生幾百(bai)mV至大(da)約1 V的共模電壓;因此(ci),電子器(qi)件必須(xu)具(ju)有適當的共模抑(yi)制能(neng)力。
ADI的(de)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)DC-DC調節器、集成式通信、高(gao)(gao)分辨率(lv)ADC、精(jing)密放大器以及高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度基準電壓源可讓設(she)計人員實(shi)現(xian)新設(she)計,并 獲得(de)高(gao)(gao)于這些要求的(de)性能。